PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES TOPICS

ABSTRACT

Resveratrol is a potent antioxidant found abundantly in grapes and in lesser quantities in peanuts, fruits and other food items. Dozens of reports have shown that resveratrol prevents or slows the progression of a wide variety of illnesses including cancer (colon and melanoma). The aim of this experiment was to investigate the ameliorative effect of resveratrol on lead-induced organ toxicity in wistar rats. The study employed wistar rats (150 - 250 g) which...

ABSTRACT

Aphrodisiac activity of Cissus populnea was assessed using physical, biochemical and psychological methods. Rats were randomized into five groups of six rats. The first group received normal saline (10ml/kg), the second, third and fourth groups received extract doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively while the fifth group received 5mg/kg of sildenafil citrate orally for 28 days. On the 24th day, the effect of the root extract of Cissus populnea (CPRE) on moun...

ABTRACT

Many bacterial species have been reported to develop resistance to antibiotics commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections. Therefore, the need to search for natural products for remedy of this problem cannot be overemphasized. One hundred and eighty (180) specimens were collected from throat (68) and ear swabs (57) as well as sputum (55) from patients with respiratory tract infection in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria. Isolation and identif...

ABSTRACT

The incidence and mortality from breast cancer in Nigeria is on the increase. The health care system in Nigeria is overburdened by the task of providing proper treatment and care to breast cancer patients. Preventative strategies in the fight against breast cancer have not been fully adopted. Anti-cancer drugs are not readily available and are expensive. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic protocol used in the management of breast cancer in a N...

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in adults globally. Type 2 diabetes is a disease associated with a huge burden of medication non-adherence due to complex regimens leading to complications that further increase morbidity and mortality among this population. The aim of this study was to assess medication adherence and the impact of mobile phone short message service (SMS) reminders on clinical outcome among type 2 diabetic patients in IBB Spec...

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The plant Laggera aurita is an annual or biennial herb of widespread in dry waste places from across Senegal to Southern Nigeria. The plant has been reportedly used for medicinal purposes including treatment of rheumatic pain, healing of cuts and bruises, and as a last resort to phagedenic and chronic ulcers. The present study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract, saponin and flavonoid fractions of the plant in mice and rats. A...

ABSTRACT

The plant Andropogon gayanus is employed in herbal medicine for the treatment of various disease conditions. The dried root of the plant is soaked in milk and taken for the treatment of postpartum pain and bronchitis in North-west Nigeria. In this study the methanol root extract of the plant was screened for phytochemical constituents followed by acute toxicity studies in mice and rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, hot pl...

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Synthetic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs have major side effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, sedation and mental clouding, etc.,which have significantly limited their use.There is therefore, an intensification of search for newer analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents from the huge array of medicinal plant resources with better efficacy and fewer side effect profiles. Medicinal plants such as Olax subscorpioidea have been used traditionally for the man...

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The herbalists in several African Countries have used Rothmannia longiflora decoctions as febrifugal and analgesic agent. The present study examined the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and toxicological profile of the methanolic extract of the plant in experimental animals. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract of R.longiflora was carried out and revealed the presence of cardiac glycoside, steroids/terpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and...

ABSTRACT

The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the epidemic of nutritional rickets among children in many countries of Asia, North America, Northern Europe and Africa. Nutritional rickets remain a problem in developing countries despite a decline in the prevalence of the condition in developed countries. Prevalence of rickets among infants and young children is high in Nigeria and in Gonin-Gora, Jankasa and Kaso in particular. It was therefore imperative to evaluate some bioch...

Abstract

Irvingia wombolu is one of the herbal plants used as food for its nutritional values. It is also used as medicinal plant in the south-south and south-eastern part of Nigeria for the management of diarrhoea and other ailments. Although these medicinal plants are believed to be harmless with their utilization, scarcity of scientific evidence on the claimed pharmacological activities of this plant is an issue of concern. This study was aimed at evaluating the antidiarrhoeal an...

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection of human being and if untreated could lead to serious complications. This study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens from patients in two hospitals in Birnin kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria. In this study, the antibiotic resistance profile and the plasmid profile of some multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from urine samples of patients from Birnin kudu community in North-...

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial drug resistance is a global challenge with the emergence of resistant bacterial strains worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of E. coli in ABUTH Shika, Zaria (from March 2011 to February 2012), their antibiotics susceptibility pattern, molecular characterization and possible presence of E. coli serotype O157:H7. Clinical isolates of E. coli from inpatients and outpatients were collected and cultured on eosin methylene blue to obtain p...

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Milk contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria can be a major threat to public health, as the antibiotic resistant determinants can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria potentially compromising the treatment of severe bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the antibiotics susceptibility of bacterial isolates frompackaged milks marketed in Zaria. Two hundred packaged milk samples were bought from five locations (forty samples from each) i...

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Diospyros mespiliformis hochst (Ebenaceae) known in English as ebony is a plant that is found throughout West Africa. The Plant was reported to have wide ethnomedical application notably in fever, whooping cough, wounds, pneumonia, syphilis, leprosy and epilepsy among others. This study examined the anticonvulsant activity of its methanol leaf extract in mice and day old chicks against pentylenetetrazole, maximal electroshock, strychnine and 4 amino pyridine induced seizure...

ABSTRACT

Cassia siamea is a shrub belonging to the Fabaceae family, native of Southeast Asia. The plant is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat hypertension, malaria and diabetes. Due to the easy cultivation of the plant, its widespread and also remarkable biological activities, Cassia siamea has become a worldwide medicine. The study was conducted to assess the anticonvulsant potential of the methanol extract of Cassia siamea (CSME) and its fractions (EAF, NBF and RAF) us...

Abstract

The field of antiepileptic drug development has become dynamic, affording many promising research opportunities. Continued efforts are being made in the development of antiepileptic drugs employing a range of strategies, including modification of the structures of existing drugs, targeting novel molecular substrates and non-mechanismbased drug screening. This research is aimed at conducting anticonvulsant studies on three synthesized dichloro-substituted phenyl propanamides...

ABSTRACT

LaggeraauritaLinn. belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It is an annual herb which is found growing as weeds in Nigeria and spread throughout the sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, Laggeraaurita is used asa remedy for pediatric malaria and in the management of epilepsy in Niger state, Nigeria Safiya, M, (personal communication, October 10, 2014). The study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant potential of the methanol leaf extract of Laggeraaurita(LAME) using pentylene...

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of the methanol stem bark extract of Hymenocardia acida in some laboratory animals. They methanol stem bark extract of Hymenocardia acida (MEHA) was prepared from the freshly collected stem bark of the plant. The stem bark was collected from Galadimawa village, Giwa local government area of Kaduna State. The plant material was identified and authenticated by a botanist in the herbarium section of...

ABSTRACT

Bacteriological analysis of the water samples such as heterotrophic counts, coliform counts, Faecal Coliform/Faecal Streptococci (FC/FS) ratio were carried out following standard procedures. Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive Staphylococcal species were identified using ID 32E and Microbact 12S kits respectively. Susceptibility of the isolates to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, erythromycin, gentamicin, amoxycillin/clavulinate, cloxacillin, ampicillin, ciproflox...

ABSTRACT

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is now a threat to both the hospitalized patients and community globally. This work was aimed at detecting molecularly, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the orthopaedic patients in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Conventional biochemical methods were used to identify the isolates while API STAPH identification test kit further characterized the isolates to species level. The suscep...

ABSTRACT

The studies of mammalian chromosomes have constituted an effective area of investigation to explain their relationship. The entire chromosome set of a species is known as a karyotype. Many rodent species show a tendency for extensive chromosomal variability within species and species complexes. The use of molecular methods to provide more insight into the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cricetomys was recommended. Karyotypic studies were carried out on the African Giant rat, (Cri...

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Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp and hair caused by dermatophytes. It occurs in all age groups but predominantly found in children. The antifungal activities such as MIC, MFC and rate of kill of fluconazole, terbinafine, lauric acid and sodium propionate alone and in admixture against dermatophyte isolates from school children with tinea capitis in L. E. A. primary school, Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria were assessed. T. mentagrophyte, T. tonsuran, T. rubrum, Tricho...

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Solanum incanum Linn. and Solanum melongena Linn (Solanaceae) are both shrubs or trees found in the sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. Both are called „gauta‟ among the Hausa community of Northern Nigeria and „Tarku‟ among the Bura/Babar speaking people of Southern Borno of North Eastern Nigeria. They are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain related illnesses such as sore throat, angina, stomach-ache, colic, headache, painful menstr...

ABSTRACT

The influence of Cimetidine (400 mg) and Diazepam (5 mg) on the pharmacokinetics of oral paracetamol (1000 mg) was studied and compared in eight (8) healthy human under two (2) protocols; concomitant and delayed administration of paracetamol. Subjects received one treatment at each of the five sessions with a 2 weeks wash out period in-between. Paracetamol alone was used as control. This was compared with concomitant administration with Cimetidine and then delayed (l hour l...

ABSTRACT

The concept of co-processing as a particle engineering technique has been used as a tool to improve the functionality of many existing excipients. This study was designed to improve the functionality of cassava starch as excipient for direct compression by coprocessing with gelatin and colloidal silicon dioxide. The Design of Experiment (DoE) approach was employed to optimize the percentage ratios of the primary excipients for the co-processed excipient. Fourteen experiment...

ABSTRACT

The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the epidemic of nutritional rickets among children in many countries of Asia, North America, Northern Europe and Africa. It was observed that a low dietary intake of calcium among rural children is a major contributor to rickets disease. Nutritional rickets remain a problem in many countries of the world despite a decline in the prevalence of the condition in many developed countries. Prevalence of rickets remain high in Nigeria a...

ABSTRACT

This study was undertaken in Nasara Treatment and Care Centre ABUTH Zaria, to assess the effect of pharmacological interventions in prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS. It is a combined prospective and retrospective study. The prospective component consists of participants interview which was transcribed into a structured questionnaire and retrieval of the Clients’ clinical data, forms the retrospective component. Female clients who have had...

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Honeybee Propolis from Apis mellifera (Linn), has been used in ethno medicine as an emollient in the treatment of ringworm, measles, chickenpox and with reported biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory action and anti-inflammatory action among other ailments, was subjected to chemical and biological studies. The chemical techniques employed were column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The antioxidant activity was stud...

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To improve patient compliance and ensure better success in the management of HIV, spansule technology was employed to formulate controlled release dosage drug. Generic forms of seven of the most commonly used Anti-retro viral (ARV) drugs (didanosine, indinavir, lamivudine, nelfinavir, nevirapine, stavudine and zidovudine) and their clinically approved combinations were used in this study. Calculated daily dose was divided into one loading and four maintainace doses. Granule...

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Inspired by the previous findings on the structural requirements needed for good antimalarial activity by chalcones against Plasmodium proteases, seventeen chalcone derivatives were designed and synthesized using Claisen-Schmidt condensation of appropriate aldehydes and methyl ketones. The structures of these compounds were established using various spectroscopic techniques. Based on SciFinder search the compounds; P1, P2, P3, and P8 are new compounds not listed on any chem...

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The plant Combretum hypopilinum has been used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal diseases. This study aimed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity and toxicity profile of the methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum (MECH) in mice and rats. The phytochemical screening was conducted and the oral median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using standard methods. Antidiarrhoeal activity of MECH (250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg) was evaluated...

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Yam tubers are prone to infestation by microorganism at all stages of growth and in storage. This rot reduces the quality of yam and affects food security. Pseudomonas fluorescens possess varieties of promising antifungal properties through production of secondary metabolites which makes it a biocontrol agent against many phyto-pathogens. In this study, the antifungal activities of metabolite produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated in Zaria was evaluated. Rhizosphere s...

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which affects about 346 million people globally. Synthetic antidiabetic agents are expensive and also associated with side effects. In a bid to develop cheaper and safer antidiabetic agents, this study was carried out to determine the effect of the methanol tuber extract of Chlorophytumalismifolium.It is used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of diabetes and bacterial infections. The dried powdered tubers was extracted using s...

ABSTRACT

About half of Nigerian population experience at least one episode of malaria per year, resulting in high morbidity and mortality and loss of economic value. Retrospective study of the profile of malarial patients and the antimalarial drugs prescribed at Umaru Musa Yaradua memorial Hospital, Sabon-Wuse, Niger State, Nigeria were undertaken. The Plasmodium species among the malarial patients were also studied. The susceptibility of the predominant species to the prescribed an...

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Oral health can be a good indicator of general health and has been linked to systemic diseases, therefore, maintaining good oral hygiene is important. Oral infections are polymicrobial with dental caries and periodontal disease being the major oral conditions affecting the public. A retrospective study on patients with orodontal conditions in the dental clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre, Zaria between January 1st , 2015 and December 31st, 2017 was performed....

ABSTRACT

With the national prevalence of 5.0% in Nigeria, HIV infections have become one of the most dreadly medical challenges. Availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has given a new hope of living with somewhat terminal syndrome. The availability, affordability and effective usage of antiretrovirals in Kano (North West Nigeria) was studied to provide a data for compliance study with the National Standard Treatment Guideline (STG) and also for comparison with...

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Ficus vallis choudae is a plant widely spread in tropical Africa including Nigeria. It is said to be of value in ethnomedicine especially in the treatment of jaundice, gastrointestinal problems, giddiness and epilepsy. The anticonvulsant activity of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus vallis was studied in mice and two-day old cockrels. This study was conducted using three models; pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure test, maximal electroshock seizure test and 4-aminopyridine...

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The exudate from cashew tree, referred to as cashew gum (CG) had been investigated for use as binder in conventional tablet formulations. In this study, cross-linked derivatives of the gum were synthesized and investigated for their physicochemical and physicotechnical properties and applicability in modifying drug release in tablet formulations. The crude dried latexes of CG were purified by extraction using acetone. Two cross-linked derivatives of the gum were synthesized...

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Diabetic complications pose increasing public health problems worldwide. Glimepiride, a sulphonylurea is among the most frequently used anti-diabetic drugs, and is often combined with other drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker is recommended for its role in mitigating microvascular complications especially in delaying the onset of diabetic nephropathy. Interaction between both drugs leads to regimen failure when simulta...

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This study was aimed at assessing the comparative bioavailability of six brands of ofloxacin marketed in Zaria. Comparative bioavailability studies of six brands of ofloxacin marketed in Zaria was successfully conducted. Quality assessment was conducted on the randomly selected six brands of ofloxacin marketed in Zaria. Identification test, assay, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate were determined according to BP 2009. Cheap, simple and a...

ABSTRACT

The influence of cimetidine (400mg) and Tramadol (100mg) on the disposition of oral single dose (1g) Paracetamol was studied and compared in 8 healthy human volunteers under two protocols; concomitant and delayed paracetamol administration. Subjects received one treatment at each of five sessions 2wk apart. Ingestion of Paracetamol (1g) alone was used as control and compared with paracetamol concentration on concomitant (with tramadol (100mg) and then cimetidine (1g)) and d...

ABSTRACT

Population growth and industrialization of the world has dramatically increased the overall environmental load of heavy metals. The effects of pollution by heavy metals are not only an environmental problem but also a public health matter. In this study, raw water samples were collected from two sites (A and B) along river Kubanni, two sites (C and D) along river Galma and also at Zaria Dam (site E) all in Zaria, Nigeria. Vegetable samples (lettuce and tomato) were also col...

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This study was undertaken to highlight the detection and susceptibility of some bacterial associated with quail eggs. Quail egg shells from some farms in Kaduna State were screened for incidence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Pasturella species using standard microbiological procedure. The isolates were screened for their susceptibility to a panel of ten commonly prescribed antibiotics using disc diffusion method as described by Clinical Laboratory Standard Ins...

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Securinega virosa (SV) is a widely used plant in traditional medicine. The root is used as an aphrodisiac in north western Nigeria. The aim of the study was to provide pharmacological rationale for the ethnomedical use of the root of Securinega virosa as aphrodisiac as well as to establish its general male reproductive effects. A total of twenty four male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each (n=6), and used to assess the aphrodisiac potenti...

ABSTRACT

The inappropriate use of antibiotics in children predisposes them to the adverse effects of these drugs. So it is important to carry out drug use study in children in order optimize antibiotic use. The aim of this study was to assess the utilization pattern of antibiotics in Hasiya Bayero Paediatric Hospital, Kano state, Nigeria. Prescriptions issued to outpatients were collected prospectively and used to assess the World Health Organization (WHO) core drug use indicators b...

ABSTRACT

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy is the significant presence of bacteria in the urine of pregnant women without the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). This study was designed to highlight the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Kano, Nigeria. Samples of urine were randomly obtained from 310 women attending antenatal clinics in 3 major hospitals. These were subjected to microbiological and cultural tests. The bacteria isolated...

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the biofilm-forming bacteria implicated in infections such as, urinary tract infections, medical device infections, middle ear infections, cystic fibrosis, wounds etc. that pose serious threat to patients, resulting in prolong hospital stay, morbidity and high mortality, with ultimate economic burden and retardation of antibiotics effectiveness. This study determined the biofilm production potential and antimicrobial resistance pattern in is...

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Comparative bioequivalence studies of six selected brands of ciprofloxacin tablets was successfully conducted. In-vitro quality control studies were carried out on six randomly selected brands of ciprofloxacin to establish identity, weight uniformity, friability, crushing strength, disintegration, dissolution and assay according to BP 2002 and 2009. Cheap, simple and available method of analysis of ciprofloxacin in saliva sample was developed by U.V Spectrophotometer with v...

ABSTRACT

Health care professionals are faced with a large number of multisource products from which therapeutically equivalent products are being selected for various reasons. Consequently, an increased availability and use of generic products has been seen during the last four decades. Like most drugs, various brands of tinidazole tablets are available in Nigeria. This research was aimed at conducting an in-vitro bioequivalence studies on different samples of tinidazole tablets usi...

ABSTRACT

Comparison of the effects of cimetidine and methyldopa were studied in 5 phases: via phase I, ingestion of paracetamol 1g alone, phase II, administration of paracetamol 1g and cimetidine 400mg concurrently, phase III administration of cimetidine 400mg followed by paracetamol 1g after an hour, phase IV, ingestion of paracetamol 1g and methyldopa 250mg concomitantly, phase V, administration of methyldopa 250mg followed by paracetamol 1g an hour after. The protocol involves 8...

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Anti-hyperlipidemic potential of extracts (aqueous, 70% methanol, 70% ethanol and 70%, acetone) of Vitexdoniana leaves, stem bark and root bark on poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic and normal rats was investigated. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and tannins in the leaves, stem bark and root bark. The average total polyphenol contents of the leaves ethanol (36.11±3.13mg/g gallic a...

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This study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in mastitic cows in southern part of Kano State of Nigeria. A total of two hundred and thirty four (234) milk and swab samples were collected from six (6) local government areas of Kano State in northern part of Nigeria. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from samples and identified using standard microbiological procedures. The antimicrobial susceptibility of th...

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The leaf of Mitracarpusvillosus (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae) is used in West African folk medicine for the management of a plethora of stress-related diseases including headaches and toothaches. In this study, preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethylacetateleaf extract of Mitracarpusvillosus and its fractions were conducted. Vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) using solvents of varying polarities were employed t...

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Biofilm Production on surfaces (animate and inanimate object) by microorganisms has become a major concern now in medical settings since it poses threat of induction and spread of resistance among pathogens. Uropathogens as associated with catheterization, ureter and bladder surfaces is of a major interest as far as biofilm production is concerned. This study determined the biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens isolated from Ahmadu Bello U...

ABSTRACT

The comparative bioavailabilities (bioequivalence) of five generic brands of paracetamol were compared in six (6) healthy male volunteers. The aim was to study whether the generic brands are bioequivalent to the standard brand. The study was carried out following oral administration of 1g of each brand after wash-out period of two weeks. The concentration of paracetamol in the saliva samples were determined using UV – spectrophotometer. The pharmacokinetic parameters...

ABSTRACT

Acacia niloticais a multipurpose plant belonging to the family Mimosaceae. Commonly known as Prickly acacia in English and Bagaruwa in Hausa, It has medicinal properties which include antimalaria, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc. Traditionally, the pods are used for stomach disorder, foot and mouth disease, sore throat, dysentery, among others. This research was aimed at isolating from the pod of this plant and testing for its antimicrobial activity which...

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infections is one of the common infectious diseases diagnosed both in community and hospital settings. Due to rising antibiotic resistance among the uropathogens, it is important to have (local) community and hospital-based knowledge of the organisms implicated and their susceptibility pattern to choose correct treatment regime. This study was conceived with the objective to investigate the causative organisms, theirantimicrobial susceptibility profile, and mo...

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Multisource pharmaceutical products are intended to be pharmaceutically equivalent or pharmaceutical alternatives that are bioequivalent and hence are therapeutically equivalent and interchangeable. Thus, this study was aimed at carrying out a comparative in-vitro and in-vivo bioequivalence studies of some brands of Metronidazole (200 mg) tablets marketed in Zaria, Nigeria. BP 2002 method was use for the assessment of the pharmaceutical and chemical equivalences of the samp...

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The ascorbic acid content of mineral ascorbate and six brands of ascorbic acid tablets marketed in Zaria with brand names Calcium ascorbate, Ascorbion, Emvit C, Ascorvite, Topcee, Bioracee and Sofa C respectively were comparatively evaluated using four methods. These include titrimetric method of British pharmacopoiea 2009, sodium thiosulphate titrimetric method, Ultra violet spectrophotometric method employing stabilizers and a newly developed 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine...

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Moringa oleifera is locally used in Nigeria for the management of respiratory disorders, hypertension and poor blood circulation among other ailments. However, all parts of the plant are blindly used because the exact part of this plant and / or extractive solvent that provides the best of its cardiovascular or optimum hypotensive activity has not been reported. The impetus of this research work therefore is to compare the crude extracts of the leaf and seed of Moringa olei...

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Comparative in vitro bioequivalence study of biopharmaceutics class I and III drugs hadgained prominence in recent times. In vitro bioequivalence offered many benefits compared to conventional in-vivobioequivalence studies, due to its reduced cost and time of product release as well as avoiding unnecessary use of human volunteers.This study is aimedat evaluating and comparing the in vitro bioequivalence of branded and generic amoxicillin capsules available in Dutse, Jigawa...

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Metronidazole is an antibacterial and antiprotozoal drug used in the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis and other microbial diseases. It is an essential drug commonly found in Nigerian market and has so many generics and dosage forms under various trade names by different manufacturers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the in-vitro bioequivalence of branded and generic metronidazole tablet in three different physiological media (pH 1.2, 4...

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Vernonia amygdalina Del. and V. kotschyana Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) are respectively shrub or tree and annual herb found commonly in tropical and subtropical countries. They are employed in ethno-medicine in the treatment of many ailments namely stomach ache, gingivitis, rheumatism, schistosomiasis, fevers and cough, which are associated with pains and inflammations. Macroscopic, microscopic, chemo-microscopic, quantitative evaluative and thin layer chromatographic studies by...

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Comparison of the effects of a single oral dose of cimetidine and propantheline on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol were studied with paracetamol (1g) administered alone, concurrently with cimetidine (400mg), delay (1 hour) with cimetidine (400mg), concurrently with paracetamol (15mg) and delay (1 hour) with propantheline (15mg) respectively. Paraetamol concentration was measured in saliva of 8 healthy male, non-smokers and non-alcoholic volunteers. A log data and AUC cu...

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The number of cancer patients in the world is increasing. Of the estimated nine million new cases every year, more than half are in developing countries. The majority of these patients are incurable by the time their diseases are diagnosed. Approximately one third of the people who are actively receiving treatment for cancer and two thirds of those with advanced malignant diseases experience pain. Almost 75% of patients with advanced cancers that are admitted to the hospita...

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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is now a leading cause of staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. In this study, cloacae and nostrils of 1800 poultry birds selected at random in 9 farms spread across Ebonyi State and 19 poultry farm workers from these farms were screened for Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, 150 clinical isolates of staphylococci from Microbiology Laboratories in 3 hospitals, one in each senatorial district of Ebonyi State were...

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In 2010, the world’s attention was drawn to Zamfara State, Nigeria following the ‘unprecedented’ death reported (particularly of children) as a result of lead poisoning in the process of small scale gold mining of lead-rich ore using rudimentary tools. This study was aimed at a wholistic assessment of lead levels in the affected communities. Lead (Pb) levels were determined from samples of residential compound soil, underground and surface water, common gr...

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Sickle cell diseases (SCD) have numerous complications which vary widely among patients making drug treatment difficult. In addition, SCDs are associated with deficiencies in some micronutrients; supplementation of which may ameliorate some of the complications and contribute to existing drug management strategies. The drug utilisation of 45 SCD patients in crises and 45 SCD patients in steady state in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital (Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital,...

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Cisplatin is a non-cell-cycle dependent chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of several common solid tumours. However, an array of serious toxicities in various organs and systems limit its therapeutic use. Artesunate, a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin is the recommended treatment by the WHO for severe and complicated malaria in low-transmission areas and in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. In contrast, animal experiments show considerable toxic...

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The study involved assessment of the effects produced by exposure of mice to generator exhaust fumes on the learning, memory and motor coordination. Carbon monoxide (CO) which is produced from combustion of any carbonaceous substance is among the toxic contents and was studied in detail. Twenty four animals were grouped into two major groups; the first group was tested for motor coordination using beam walk; and the other group for learning and memory, using elevated plus m...

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the neurobehavioural patterns, cognitive functions and haemato-biochemical changes following the administration of carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHE) and their combination. Forty, apparently healthy adult male Albino rats weighing between 144 and 300 g were divided into four groups of 10 animals each and used for the experiment. Group I (control) were administered distilled water per os at the dose rate of 10 mls/kg and they served as...

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An ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of viral infection was carried out in Jos North, Jos South and Jos East Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria by verbal interactions with Traditional Medicine Practitioners, Herbalist, Herb sellers and some indigenes/residents, being guided by a structured questionnaire. The study aimed at collecting and documenting medicinal plants used in the treatment of viral infections like common cold, measles, chicke...

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Due to numerous problems associated with current treatment of trypanosomosis, there is increasing need to find effective drug against trypanosomosis ravaging sub-Saharan Africa from traditional medicinal herbs. This work is aimed at evaluating efficacy of stem-bark extracts of S. longepedunculata against T. brucei brucei infected Wistar rats. The in vitro study and drug incubation infectivity test were carried out in duplicates. One hundred microlitre of blood containing 30...

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Increasing attention has been paid to incorporating hydrocolloids into starch-based products due to their unique functional properties and bio-safety. The aim of this work was to determine the suitability of modified starch and mucilage dispersions obtained from Ipomoea batatas as direct compression excipients in chewable tablet. Native starch (SPS) and mucilage were extracted from Ipomoea batatas. Subsequently, SPS was pregelatinized (PPS) and acid modified (APS) and dispe...

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Cassytha filiformis, a leafless and perennial vine with small scales as a replacement of the leavesis currently being used in the treatment of various disease conditions including jaundice without standardization.Microscopical evaluation, chromatographic analysis (TLC, HPLC, LC-MS/MS), spectroscopic analyses (NMR, FTIR, MS) and hepathoprotective studies were carried out with the view to scientifically verify the potentials of this plant used in traditional medicine. The res...

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Acid hydrolyzed starch produces microcrystalline starch (MCS) with improved functional properties in terms of flowability or compressibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the binder, disintegrant and compressional properties of native and modified starches derived form of Digitaria iburua. Digitaria iburua grains were collected and identified by the herbarium unit of Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Digitaria iburua starch (DS)...

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The aim of this research was to study the tableting properties of Solenostemon rotundifolius starch (SRS) and modified forms for use as pharmaceutical excipient by wet granulation method of tablet production in paracetamol formulation. The physicochemical properties of native and modified starches were investigated and compared with Maize starch B.P. (MZS). Properties of granules and tablets formulated with various experimental starches and gelatin (GLT) tested as binders a...

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Adansonia digitata mucilage (ADM), a hydrophilic plant polymeric material to prolong the release of Metoprolol tartarate (MPT) from matrix tablet formulations compared with semi -synthetic polymer-HPMC60SH4000 matrices. Phytochemical screening and physicochemical characterization of the extracted ADM was performed using standard and official procedures. Physicochemical tests such as simple (quantitative yield, aqueous...

ABSTRACT

Ficus platyphylla (Fp) is a medicinal plant that is widely used in Northern part of Nigeria for the management of skin problems such as eczema and topical application of its gum (latex) to wounds. It is also used for treating malaria and psychosis. Its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and wound healing properties have been evaluated in wistar rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic stem bark extract of Fp was carried out using standard methods. The intr...

ABSTRACT

Hypertension of unknown cause is called essential or primary hypertension while hypertension of a known cause is called secondary hypertension. Hypertension is called a silent killer because it is usually asymptomatic. It is a global problem affecting 1 in 3 adults in the United States. It is preventable and treatable disease. Orthodox drugs for its management are expensive and have associated side effects. Alternative source with good efficacy and minimum toxicity from nat...

ABSTRACT

Cervical cancer is a common and important public health problem for adult women in developing countries. Many industrialized countries have achieved significant successes in reducing invasive cervical cancer burden over the past six decades mainly due to introduction of screening programmes. On the other hand, cervical cancer is not only the second most common malignancy in adult women, but is also the most common malignancy of the female genital tract in sub-Saharan Africa...

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest infectious diseases of women worldwide, and pregnant women are more predisposed. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial infecting agents in UTI during pregnancy, to establish their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, identify the socio-economic factors that promote UTI. Virulence factor genes (VFGs) of the multi-drug resistant bacterial uropathogens were determined in order to establish their pathot...

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus is a virulent pathogen that is currently not only the most common cause of infections in hospitalized patients worldwide but increasingly also as a community associated pathogen. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus among apparently healthy student population of the University of Jos, Jos Nigeria. Two hundred and seventeen (217) urine samples were screened for Staphylococcus aureus. Isolates were charact...

ABSTRACT

The plant, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson is a member of the Asteraceae family. It grows abundantly in Southern Nigeria where its leaves are used as traditional herbal treatment for wounds and fevers. The plant, C. odorata was therefore investigated for antibacterial activities. The leaves of C. odorata were collected from plants growing in their natural habitat in Kaduna State. Standard pharmacognostic methods were used to conduct macroscopic and microscopic...

ABSTRACT

Glossonema boveanum Decne is a hairy canescent perennial herb belonging to the Apocynaceae. Traditionally, the powdered whole plant is use for the treatment of many illnesses including epilepsy. This study is aimed at establishing some of the pharmacognostic features of the powdered whole plant; investigating the phytochemical compounds of the plant and evaluating the anticonvulsant property of its aqueous ethanol extract. The powdered whole plant material was examined by m...

Abstract

Carissa edulis and Senna alata are plants found in Nigeria and some other tropical countries. In Nigeria, C. edulis and S. alata are used for the treatment of various ailments and diseases. In traditional medicine C. edulis is used for the treatment of skin infections, abdominal problems, headache and sexually transmitted diseases, while S. alata is also used in the treatment of several infections such as ringworm, parasitic skin diseases, convulsion, gonorrhoea, heart fail...

ABSTRACT

7 Securinega virosa (Roxb ex Willd) Baill (Euphorbiaceae) is a small, deciduous, graceful shrub that is widely distributed in Africa. It is used to treat snakebites, syphilis, rheumatism and malaria. Plant based medicines are limited in use because of inadequate standardization. Major snakebite envenomings and fatalities occur in tropical regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Leaf pharmacognostic standards and antivenin potentials of n-hexane (8.00g), ethyl acetate (11.22g) a...

ABSTRACT

Microtrichia perotitii DC Asteraceae (Compositeae) is an herb found in the tropical countries. Ethno-medicinally, it is mainly used for the treatment of pain related diseases such as toothaches, cuts and burns and few ailments like rashes, rheumatism, jaundice, stomachaches and diarrhea in children as well as inflammatory diseases. The aim of this research was to establish its pharmacognostic standards for its identification, purity, isolation and charecterisation of its ph...

Abstract

Herbs with anti-diabetic activity could initiate interactions if used concurrently with orthodox drugs. Moringa oleifera is one of such herbs usually taken as an adjunct to orthodox oral hypoglycaemic agents. This study investigated the possible pharmacological interaction between the ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOE) and metformin co-administered to hyperglycaemic Wistar rats and the effect of MOE on normoglycaemic rats. Hyperglycaemia was induced by adminis...

ABSTRACT

Mood disorders (primary major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder) constitute one of the world’s greatest public health problems and are associated with significant reductions in productivity, health and longevity. This study involved a retrospective analysis of data obtained from hospital records of patients using this facility for a one year period spanning January 1st 2006 to December 31st, 2006. The study population was 887 patients. This study was...

ABSTRACT

The visco-elastic properties of Khayasenegalensis (KS gum), Anacardium occidentale (AO gum) and Acacia senegal (AS gum) blends in dilute solution were investigated. The gums were evaluated for intrinsic viscosity and the elastic component. Molecular conformation of the complex of AS-KS was assessed by the power law and the results showed that the b values for AS 40%―KS 60% and AS 20%― KS 80% given as 1.98 and 1.67 which were significantly larger than that of the pure gums a...

ABSTRACT

The extracts of the leaf, stem bark and root bark of Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill) Vahl. (Verbenaceae), were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and the result revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and Saponins. Silica gel column chromatography of n- butanol soluble fractions of the leaf, stem bark and root bark extract followed by gel filtration using sephadex LH20 and preparative thin layer...

Abstract

Indigofera hirsuta Linn. (Leguminosae) is a well-known plant used in African traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-venom and anticonvulsant. The air-dried aerial parts of I. hirsuta was extracted with methanol using a soxhlet extractor and fractionated into ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous fractions (AF). The n-butanol soluble fraction when subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of f...

ABSTRACT

The plant Piliostigma thonningii which is used in ethno - medicine for the treatment of wounds, ulcers and gingivitis was investigated for its chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. The leaf of the plant was subjected to extraction procedures to obtain ethanol and n – hexane extracts. The n – hexane extract which was then subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, reducing sugars...

ABSTRACT

Albizia chevalieri Hams (Mimosaceae), mostly found in the Northern Sahel Savannah region of Nigeria as well as in Nigér and Senegal is a tree of the acacia type with a long list of folklore therapeutic claims which include its use as purgative, taenicidal, cough remedy, dysentery, cancer, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and snake bite remedy. The stem bark was collected, dried and powdered. The powder was firstly extracted with hexane, and subsequently with methanol....

Abstract

The ethanol extract of root of Chrozophora senegalensis use in ethanomedicine to treat diarrhea, rheumatism, taeniasis, stomach ache, inflammation and veneral diseases was subjected to Phytochemical and Biological studies. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard phytochemical procedures which revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins. Chromatographic separation of the ethylacetate fraction using silica gel led to the isolation of three...

ABSTRACT

The plant Ampelocissus grantii is used in traditional medicinal practice in the treatment of cough, wounds, venereal infections and other ailments.Phytochemical examination of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Ampelocissus grantii (Baker) Planch (Family, Vitaceae) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Three flavonoids, identified as 3ʹ, 4ʹ, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone (Luteolin), isorhamnetin 3 - O – &be...

ABSTRACT

Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schum.&Thonn) Family: Fabaceae is a protein rich fodder plant that is widely distributed across Africa, Asia and Australia and medicinally used to treat cough and wounds. Recently, it has been reported to be used in the Northern part of Nigeria as tea by commercial motor cycle riders popularly known as “okada riders”, labourers and young people .The dried powder of the plant was initially defatted with petroleum ether, the marc was f...

ABSTRACT

Chronic inflammation has been implicated in most non-communicable/chronic degenerative diseases including age-related cancers. Ziziphus mucronata, a plant used in ethnomedicine to treat different painful and inflammatory conditions, was subjected to phytochemical investigation and pharmacological studies in order to validate its ethnomedicinal use. The leaves was subjected to extraction using cold maceration and extensive phytochemical investigation was carried out using si...

Abstract

The plant Anogeissus lieocarpus (Combretacea), is a plant widely used in Africa as a remedy for abdominal pains, cough and chest pain. The plant is also beneficial in leprosy, malaria, anthelmentic, fungal and bacterial infections. The bark of Anogeissus lieocarpus was screened phytochemically and it was found to be rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, other poly phenols, sterols, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins and anthraquinones. Ethyl acetate extract of the bark was fractiona...

ABSTRACT

Ficus sycomorous (Family Moraceae) is a plant used in African traditional medicine to treat mental illness, dysentery, cough, diarrhea, tuberculosis and cancer. The aim of this research work is to isolate and characterize some compounds from the leaf of Ficus sycomorous and to screen the plant for anti-cancer activity. The dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedure; qualitative and quantitative...

Abstract

Stereospermum kunthianum (Family: Bignoniaceae) plant is used in Hausa ethnomedicine in treating bronchitis, veneral diseases, diarrheoa and dysentery. It is also used in the treatment of ulcers, leprosy, skin eruptions, respiratory ailments, abortifacient, antihypertensive and gastritis. The plant is common in Northern Nigeria where it is used as abortifacient and as antihypertensive agent. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of the stem bark of S...

ABSTRACT

The leaves of Andrographis paniculata acanthaceae is used locally in Northern Nigerian for the treatment of hypertension without quantification or dosage standardization. This work was primarily set out to find justification for the local medicinal use of this plant and to scientifically study the pharmacological activity of the plant and formulate it into a suitable tablet dosage form, as a means of standardization of the dosage regimen. Phytochemical, pharmacological and...

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to enhance the solubility and hence dissolution rate of two poorly soluble drugs: ibuprofen and piroxicam using Eudragit RS 100 and hydroxymethylpropylcellulose (HPMC) as carriers, by solid dispersion technique and to evaluate the effect of trona (sodium sesquicarbonate) on the dispersions . Solid dispersions of ibuprofen and piroxicam were prepared using HPMC or Eudragit RS 100 and their combinations by the solvent evaporation method. The prepared...

ABSTRACT

Cussonia barteri is used in traditional medicinefor the management of convulsion and epilepsy, especially in children in Ghana and Nigeria. Literature survey revealed that the safety and efficacy of such important medicinal plant have not been scientifically validated. In the present study, ethanolic leaf extract of the plant was subjected to toxicological and some neuropharmacological studies in laboratory animals (mice, rats and chicks) to determine its safety and justify...

ABSTRACT

Some pharmacological effects of the 70% ethanolic stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus were investigated in experimental animals. Preliminary Phytochemical studies of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of Tannins, Carbohydrates, Proteins & Amino acids, Flavonoids and Steroids. Acute toxicity test using Lorke’s method indicated LD50 values of the ethanolic stem bark extract of P.erinaceus to be 447.21mg/kg I.P and >5000mg/kg P.o in rats. In the su...

ABSTRACT

Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a devastating air-borne infectious disease of humans that causes cellular hemorrhagic sepsis, metabolic, neurologic and endocrine disorders and constitutes a serious threat to public health. Where malnutrition is linked to BM, it is a great economic and societal burden accompanied with high morbidity and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria. A. sativum, a medicinal food herb found in Northern Nigeria, has been used in folklore...

ABSTRACT

Globally, malaria is a major health concern because it causes high morbidity and mortality particularly in children under 5 years because of their low immunity. The development of resistance to chloroquine and sulphodoxine/pyrimethamine in many parts of the world has further worsened the disease. In 2001, WHO recommended the use of artemisinin combination therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in countries experiencing resistance to chloroq...

ABSTRACT

Plant gums are natural polymers with low toxicity, high biodegradability and high compatibility with drugs making them useful as pharmaceutical excipients in solid, semi-solid and liquid formulations. This work was aimed at evaluating the surface activity and release properties of some tropical gums in artemether and artesunate sodium tablet formulations. Cashew gum (CSG) was extracted from stem bark exudates of Anacardium occidentale L., khaya gum (KYG) was extracted from...

ABSTRACT

Tremendous effort was made in this work to synthesize the three isomeric 3- (dimethylphenyl)aminopropanamides through the Michael nucleophilic substitution reaction. However, some of the results obtained after spectroscopic analysis did not satisfactorily conform to the structure of the compounds, this was attributed perhaps to the lack of control of the experimental conditions, the methodology adopted or some instrumental constrains. The anticonvulsant screening of the hyp...

Abstract

The 3-ANPs (A01-A10) were prepared through acid catalysed Michael addition while the N-benzyl derivatives (A11-A15) were obtained through an uncatalysed amine exchange reaction with benzylamine. The structures of these compounds were established using various spectroscopic techniques. Compounds (A01-A15) were screened in mice against maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylene tetrazole (scPTZ) seizure models as well as the righting reflex test for neurological de...

ABSTRACT

Amidst the current rise in the usage of artemisinin-based combination therapies as the first line treatment of falciparum resistant malaria in the Tropics, artesunate-amodiaquine combination therapy have been found to have degenerative and toxicity effects. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of aqueous and ethanol fruit extracts of Phoenix dactylifera on the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex of artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) treated Wistar rats, as well as its e...

ABSTRACT

Lannea acidaA. Rich.belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae; and the bark, leaves and roots have been reported to possess many medicinal properties, including immunomodulatory activity.Despite this widespread belief, data on the immunomodulatory properties and safety of this plant is still lacking. The aim of this work was to determine the toxicity and immunomodulatory properties of the stem bark of Lannea acida in Wistar rats. Methanol extract of Lannea acida A. Rich.was sc...

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus has become a global health burden leading to an increase in the search for herbal anti-hyperglycaemic agents as alternative to synthetic ones. Persea americana popularly known as avocado pear have been known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. The leaves of this plant are used in Eastern Nigeria especially in Anambra state for the management of Diabetes Mellitus. This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicological and anti-hyperglycaemic propert...

ABSTRACT

Securinega virosa is one of the African medicinal plants described as a true “cure all” among traditional practitioners. Different parts of Securinega virosa have been used in the management of different disorders in Nigeria and other parts of the world. There is therefore the need to establish the toxicity profile of Securinega virosa leaves. In this study, toxicological assessment of the methanol leaf extract of Securinega virosa was carried out in Wistar rats...

ABSTRACT

The decoction of the leaves of Dalbegia saxatilis is used in Traditional Medicine for various ailments such as cough, small pox, skin lesions, bronchial ailments and toothache. The study was aimed at establishing a safety profile, evaluating phytochemical constituents and some Pharmacological properties of methanol leaf extract of Dalbergia saxatilis. Acute toxicity study was carried out as described by Lorke (1983) in both mice and rats. Sub-chronic toxicity studies were c...

ABSTRACT

The level of some trace elements including cadmium, cobalt, copper and iron in water and vegetable samples of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata); lettuce (lactuca sativa L); maize (zea mays); okra (Abelmoschus esculent L ); onion (Alium spp) and spinach(Amarantus spp) along the banks of Galma and Kubanni rivers in zaria were determined during the rainy and dry seasons,(June to August 2005 and January to March 2006 respectively), by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)...

ABSTRACT

Most people administer herbal preparations of different types without considering their side effects. Six sites were selected for the study based on the frequency of consumption. The areas were Kofar Doka, Danmagaji, Tudunwada, Sabongari, Kwangila and Samaru. Five different samples were randomly collected from each area of the study. Wet digestion method was employed to obtain clear solution of the sample. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique was used to quantify...

ABSTRACT

In this study three rapid, simple, accurate, economical and reproducible spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative determination of lamivudine in pure form and tablet formulations were developed and validated. The first method is based on dissolution of standard lamivudine powder or extraction of the drug from tablet formulation using methanol as solvent. The resulting extract was filtered and scanned using Helios Zeta Model 164617 UV/Vis spectrophotometer; having a &...

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease which is on increase since emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leading to TB/HIV co infection, causing complications and treatment failure. Isoniazid is a first line drug for the treatment of TB therefore it is important to develop methods that will monitor its quality. In this study, four rapid, simple, relatively accurate, and precise spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative determination of isoniazid in...

ABSTRACT

Spondias mombin belongs to the family Anacardiacae. All parts of the tree are reported to be medicinally useful. The fruit juice is drunk as a diuretic and febrifuge. The main aim of the study is to determine the diuretic activity and toxicity of methanol stem bark extract of Spondias mombin. The plant was collected, authenticated, and studied in Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Adult albino rats of Wistar strain of either sex wer...

ABSTRACT

Acetaminophen or paracetamol is an analgesic and anti-pyretic agent widely used for treatment of headaches, minor pains and in combination with other medications like cold remedies and opoid analgesics. Individuals with headaches and minor pains tend to use paracetamol with caffeine combinations than paracetamol alone in their treatment due to faster relief. However, the pharmacokinetic rationale for use is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of...

ABSTRACT

Malaria is increasingly a health burden globally with children under the age of 5 and pregnant women being the most vulnerable. Several antimalarials are available in the market today however; the safety data in pregnancy is inadequate especially the first trimester of pregnancy. The study was carried out in both pregnant and non-pregnant wistar rats to evaluate the effect of these antimalarial drugs on the oestrous cycle as well as on the uterine smooth muscle contractilit...

ABSTRACT

Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with its resultant complications continue to be on the increase. The outcome of management is highly dependent on efficacy, safety and suitability of medicines used concomitantly. An aspect of efficacy/safety that is of growing importance is that of drug-herb interactions. The co-administration of Sitagliptin, an antidiabetic agent and Moringa oleifera, a herb traditionally used in the management of T2DM is a real...

Abstract

Jatropha curcas seed oil is a known energy source in biodiesel which but for its toxicity, also has potential of being used as food and in the pharmaceutical / cosmetic industries. This study was designed to detoxify solvent and mechanically extracted J. curcas oils and to ascertain the effects of detoxification on acute and sub-acute toxicities as well as on analgesic and laxative activities in laboratory animals. Following determination of the physicochemical properties o...

ABSTRACT

The efficacy and toxicity of several drugs is circadian-rhythm dependent, and this can be exploited as a guide to ameliorate such drug toxicity. Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in treatment of a variety of infections. Its use is however limited by its associated nephrotoxicity. This nephrotoxicity is ameliorated by reduction in dosing frequency to once a day dosing, use of antioxidants and exploration of circadian variation in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Temp...

ABSTRACT

An Ethnobotanical survey was carried-out among the Bajju speaking community of Kaduna state Nigeria from May 2015 to January 2016, to discover and identify plants used in the treatment of Malaria. Respondents in the survey included; Traditional medical practitioners, herbal sellers and farmers. In all 352 respondents were interviewed out of a slated 500, of which 60% of the respondents were male while 40% were female. It was also recorded that 26% of respondents were betwee...

ABSTRACT

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted from December 2011 to April 2012 in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The survey was aimed at identifying and documenting medicinal plants used for the treatment of typhoid fever in 6 communities in Minna, Niger State and establishing resourceful information on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical screening and anti- salmonella activity on the most frequently used plant. Ethnobotanical data were collected with the aid of a tape recorder and s...

ABSTRACT

‘Kanwa' is the local trade name for varieties of evaporites that are formed from evaporation and precipitation of minerals containing body of water. They are locally used extensively by the traditional healers, nomads and house wives of Northern Nigeria to treat diseases, as supplement to animal feeds and as additive to some foods and herbs concoctions. This research was aimed to document medicinal information through field survey in five selected local government...

ABSTRACT

The antibacterial effect of honey and lemon were investigated. Their use separately and in combination were compared with that of standard antibiotics against Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilusinfluenzae and Streptococcus pyogenesisolates from sputum, ear swab, nasal secretion and throat swab samples of patients from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, and Ahmadu Bello University He...

ABSTRACT

The goal of designing sustained release or controlled release delivery system is to reduce the frequency of dosing or to increase effectiveness of the drug by localization at the site of action, reducing the dose required or providing uniform drug delivery. Natural gums and polymers have been employed as excipients in modified release dosage forms. The objectives of this study were to extract and determine the percentage yield of Chrysophyllum albidum gum, perform physicoch...

ABSTRACT

Starch modifications are a means of altering the structure and affecting the hydrogen bonding in a controllable manner to enhance and extend their application. There are different methods for modification of starch such as chemical modifications which include stabilization, cross linking, conversions and physical modifications which include annealing and pregelatinization. The methods that were chosen to modify Eleusinecoracana starch was by pregelatinization and acid hydro...

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The aim of this work is to formulate crude turmeric powder into tablet form. The powder was produced from the turmeric rhizome. Physicochemical properties of the powder; angle of repose (AR), bulk density (BD), tapped density (TD), Hausner‟s ratio (HR), Carr‟s index (CI), true density, moisture content, and flow rate (FR) were evaluated. The particles size and morphology were determined using Scanning electron microscope and sieve analysis. The tablets were formulated using...

ABSTRACT

Sourcing of raw materials for use in pharmaceutical industries is a continuing challenge. Excipients, which form the bulk of a dosage form, are derived either from natural sources or synthesized wholly or semi-synthesized. The absence of an ideal excipient material continues to spur research towards identifying and developing excipients from various sources. One of such potential sources is sugar cane bagasse which is an abundant agricultural waste. This work, investigated...

Abstract

Ximenia americana is a plant used traditionally in northern parts of Nigeria for treatment of leprotic ulcers and mouth ulcers in addition to other medicinal uses. It contains flavanoids, saponins, tannins among others that has been reported to possess gastroprotective potentials. . The aim of this study is to evaluate the gastro-protective effects and establish the toxicity profile of the methanol stem back extract of Ximenia americana. The oral median lethal dose of the e...

ABSTRACT

Many countries worldwide including Nigeria use different parts of Waltheria indica (leaves, stem-barks, roots and whole plants) to treat various ailments. In Nigeria, Waltheria indica is used to treat gastro-intestinal ulcers, pain, inflammation, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, anaemia and erectile dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastro-intestinal mucosal protective properties and ascertain the toxicity profile of the methanol root extract of Waltheria ind...

ABSTRACT

A total of 160 (108 males and 52 females) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used for the experiment. The quails were obtained at the age of four weeks from the Poultry Unit of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. They were randomly selected and assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) of forty quails each; with 27 males and 13 females in group A , 23 males and 17 females in group B, 29 males and 11 females in group C and...

Abstract

Aspilia africana, (Pers) C.D. Adams; (Asteraceae), a semi perennial woody plant, commonly known as haemorrhage plant is widely distributed across tropical Africa and all parts of Nigeria. The plant is well known in folkloric medicine for its anti-haemorrhagic uses and for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, malarial fever, wounds, coughs, microbial infections and gastro-intestinal disorders.This research was undertaken inorder to isolate some of the bioactiv...

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. Previous studies reported the identification of MRSA in food demonstrating that food can represent a source of Staphylococcus aureus which may carry the mecA gene. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae from groundnut cakes (Kuli-Kuli) and roasted groundnut obtained...

ABSTRACT

The increasing rate of drug resistance associated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is not only a problem in the clinical sector but also in livestock disease treatment and management. Methicillin resistant Staph. aureus is now a leading cause of staphylococcal infections in human and animals. In view of the present serious problem of resistance to antibiotics from Staph. aureus, the present study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of methicillin res...

ABSTRACT

This study determined lead concentrations in seven types of food sold by hawkers in Zaria and environs. Lead is a heavy metal that serves no useful purpose in the human body. The food samples were coded A –G respectively and the locations were coded A1 – H1. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometric Method (AAS), after appropriate treatment. Lead concentrations of sample A ranged from 0.03 – 0.16mg/L; B ranged from 0.2 – 0.1...

ABSTRACT

Depression is a heterogeneous mood disorder that has been treated with a number of synthetic drugs. These drugs have adverse effects and delayed onset of action that compromise their therapeutic benefits. This makes it worthwhile to search for new antidepressant agents with proven efficacy and favourable benefit-to-risk ratio. Medicinal plants have enjoyed wide patronage among local people in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. The study there...

ABSTRACT

Pain is an unpleasant sensation often associated with disease and/ or injury. The people in Lokoja use traditional medicine especially medicinal plants in the treatment and management of pain.The use of orthodox medicine for example, pentazocine, in managing pain is associated with some problems such as dizziness, stomach upset, impaired breathing and mental function. Orthodox medicine is more expensive, less accessible by local people and less acceptable to the body in con...

ABSTRACT

Ficus thonningii Blume is a popular medicinal plant used in Nigeria for the treatment of various ailments including diarrhoea, pneumonia, sore throat and typhoid. Physicochemical, macroscopic, microscopic, phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluations of the stem bark of the plant were carried out. The macroscopic features of the stem bark were examined using sensory organs. The microscopical features of the stem bark were determined by examining its microscopical properties...

ABSTRACT

Cassia sieberiana D.C. (Fabaceae) though widely used in traditional medicine as an analgesic in dysmenorrhoea, ulcer and general body pains, there is no published report on it standardization. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the root will therefore assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification of the plant drug. Evaluation of fresh and powdered root of this plant was carried out to determine its pharmacognostical profile, including macroscopic, micro...

ABSTRACT

Amaranthus viridis (Amaranthaceae), an annual herb, used in traditional medicine as diuretic and emollient, in poultices on inflammations, boils or abscesses, as well as in the treatment of gonorrhea, piles, fever, filaria, dysentery etc. This study focussed on the evaluation of various pharmacognostic parameters including microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical properties of the leaves of this plant, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The 70% a...

Abstract

Daucus carota (L.) commonly known as carrot belongs to the family of Apiaceae. The aerial part is used as component of livestock feed in some part of Northern Nigeriawithout any scientific evidence ofsafety. The present study was carried out to establish its pharmacognostic, nutritional potentials and safety to justify the use of D. carota aerial part. The pharmacognostic parameters, nutritional, acute and subchronic toxicity weredeterminedby standard methods.The gross alph...

ABSTRACT

Acacia ataxacantha is used in traditional medicine for management of pain and inflammation. Literature survey revealed that the safety and efficacy of such uses have not been scientifically validated. The present study was designed to study the pharmacological and toxicological activities of methanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha leaf in mice and rats. The acute and chronic toxicity studies were carried out using Lorke method (1983) and OECD guideline (1995) respectively. T...

ABSTRACT

The extract of the leaf of Ochna rhizomatosa (van Tiegh.) Keay [Ochnaceae], a plant used in the treatment of malaria in Northern Cameroun, was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The result revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, fatty acids, proteins and saponins. Alkaloids were however absent. Column chromatography of the methanol fraction of water insoluble portion of the extract afforded compou...

ABSTRACT

The research was on the phytochemical and anticonvulsant studies of methanol leafextract of Hymenocardia acida, Tul, (Euphorbiaceae) used inNorthern Nigeria for the treatment of headache, rheumatic pain, sickle cell crisis, malaria, epilepsy and cancer. The preliminary phytochemical screening of crude methanol extract (CME) using standard methods revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids.Phytochemical evaluations were carried out using...

ABSTRACT

Tapinanthus globiferus (A.Rich) (Loranthacae)is a semi-parasitic plant growing on several plant sepecie such as Vitex doniana, Vitellaria paradoxa, Kola, Citrus,Combretum, Acacia, Aloe and Terminalia. Itis used in ethno-medicine for the treatment of fungal infection, itching, hypertension, ulcers, epilepsy, diabetes and cancer. The leaves of the plant was subjected to maceration using methanol to afford a methanol extract which was further subjected to partitioning with n-h...

ABSTRACT

Senna singueana (Dell) Fabacea is a shrub widely used traditionally to treat numerous disease conditions such as sexually transmitted diseases (STD), intestinal complications as a laxative, antimalaria,antimicrobialand antioxidant effects. The pharmacognostic standardization of the leaf of the plant was assessed to determine its organoleptic features, microscopical, and chemo-microscopical characters as well as physico-chemical parameters, phytochemical and anti-microbial a...

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Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schumach and Thonn. is a common medicinal plant found mainly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various conditions including erectile dysfunction, wounds, diabetes mellitus, hypertension. The investigations started with the qualitative microscopic and macroscopic evaluation of the leaf material and establishment of its quality parameters, including physicochemical...

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The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of ethanol extract of leaves of Globimetula braunii, a plant used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of epilepsy and diabetes among other ailments, was subjected to phytochemical and anticonvulsant screening. The phytochemical techniques employed were dry column vacuum chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The anticonvulsant activity was studied using maximal electroshock test, pentylenetetrazole and 4-aminopyridine-ind...

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Phyllanthus muellerianus is distributed in secondary forests from Guinea-Bissau, Mali, West Cameroons and other parts of tropical Africa. It is a shrub or climber deciduous and occasionally arborescent. The root bark of this plant was extracted by maceration using methanol. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol extract indicates the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and carbohydrates. The methanol extract was then dissolved i...

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Green tea in its purest and most unadultered form has always influenced human health for generations. Though green tea is not officially recognized as a medical agent, it is one of the most researched plant-based remedies with possible benefits including antioxidant activity, skin protection, oral health, good vision, help combat obesity, antiviral potential and many more. This study was aimed at assessing the preliminary phytochemical screening, quality assesment and miner...

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Croton zambesicus Linn (Euphorbiaceae) is a highly valued medicinal plant in Nigeria and West African sub-region. It is used by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of various ailments including hypertension. This study aims to determine some cardiovascular activities of the aqueous leaf extract and subfractions of Croton zambesicus in laboratory animals. The leaves of Croton zambesicus were extracted with water and subsequently subjected to column chromatogr...

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Tapinanthus globiferus is a semi-parasite mistletoe which grows on branches of large number of trees including Vitellaria paradoxa. It used locally in the management of insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, headaches and hypertension. This study evaluated the toxicity and neuropharmacological properties of ethanol extract and fractions of T. globiferus. These were carried out using standard methods. Phytochemical screening of T. globiferus ethanol extract (TgE) revealed presence of...

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects carbohydrates, lipids and proteins resulting in sustained hyperglycaemia which could lead to serious organ(s) damage and death. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the pharmacological properties of the methanol extract of Anisopus mannii, a plant used in ethnomedical practice to manage diabetes mellitus. The specific objectives were to investigate acute toxicity test including LD50, antihyperglycaemic prope...

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Uterotonic property is the characteristic innate ability of a substance to spontaneously initiate and maintain uterine contractions due to its chemical composition. Over centuries, sub-saharan Africans have been using Sida corymbosa leaf extract during labour with the claims that it aids and facilitates childbirth. This study was carried out to validate the folkloric claim that Sida corymbosa leaf extract possesses uterotonic property. Acute toxicity test following single o...

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Epilepsy is a disorder of public concern worldwide and has been widely treated via pharmacotherapy, which are faced with challenges such as cost of therapy, side effects, toxicity and lack of selectivity. As such, researchers agree on the need to identify more selective, readily available and lesser toxic antiepileptic drugs. Three isomeric forms was synthesized using equimolar amount of furan-2,5-dione and 2,4-; 2,5- and 2,6- dimethyl isomers of aniline via a nucleophile-e...

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Acacia sieberiana D.C is traditionally used as a remedy for various ailments including hepatitis. The effect of methanol root bark extract of Acacia sieberiana (ASE) on paracetamol (PCM) - and bile duct ligation (BDL) –induced liver injury wereinvestigated in rats. Rats were divided into six groups (Groups I-VI) of 5 and 6 rats for PCM and BDL, respectively. For the PCM-induced liver injury study, animals were pre-treated with normal saline, silymarin (50mg/kg) and ex...

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Malaria accounts for 25% -70% of infant, 30% of under- five and 7% -11% of maternal mortality in Nigeria. The World Health organization recommended malarial drug prophylaxis for pregnant women in malaria endemic areas to prevent the adverse consequences of malaria in pregnancy. However, the development of resistance by the plasmodium to drugs has led to the failure of such interventions. The current recommended drug regimen for chemoprophylaxis of malaria in pregnancy is tw...

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Gums find application in tablet formulation as binder because of their adhesive nature. Natural gums are promising biodegradable polymeric materials. The aim of this study was to prepare a gelatin and acacia co-precipitate (GelAc) to be used as a release retardant in the formulation of sustained release matrix Tablets of diclofenac sodium. Gelatin and acacia solution was precipitated in a ratio of 1:1 using acetone as the precipitating solvent. The dried product was size re...

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The use of medicinal plant extracts to maintain health, prevent or cure various diseases is known since ancient times. However, most times, there is little or no knowledge of the associated possible toxic injuries on vital organs morphology or functions from the use of such plants in whole or parts. Randia nilotica had long been known and used traditionally for various diseases, with no information on its toxicity profile. This study aims at evaluating the ethanolic stem ba...

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Risk assessment of selected trace metals Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu at selected growth stages (15 days – germination or seedling stage, 30 days – tillering stage, 45 days – booting/shooting stage, 60 days – heading/earing stage, 75 days – flowering stage and 90 days – ripening stage) of two varieties each of wheat - Triticum aestivum L. (Pavon-76 and Siettecerros) and yellow maize-Zea mays L. (TZEE-Y) and Popcorn (Zea mays everta L.) were inve...

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The increasing levels of environmental pollution by toxic metals from various sources have generated a great concern on their impact on human health. Rapid developments, increase in mining activities, farming, insurgency, industrial activities and waste disposals have gradually redistributed many of the toxic metals from the earth crust to the environment, raising the chances of exposure through ingestion, inhalation or skin contact. This study is aimed at determining the c...

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Co-processed excipients are a mixture of two or more existing excipients at subparticle level. These multipurpose excipients have significantly reduced the number of incorporating excipients in the tablet. The aim of this work is to design and prepare a coprocessed excipient from acid hydrolyzed cassava starch, gelatin and lactose and evaluate its functionality in tablet formulations. Native cassava starch (NCS) extracted from cassava tubers ( Mannihot esculenta crantz ) wa...

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Two simple, sensitive, accurate and extraction-free spectrophotometric methods were developed and described for the determination of risperidone in pure and in tablet dosage forms. The methods are based on the formation of ion-pair complex between risperidone and the dyes bromocresol green in method A and thymol blue in method B at room temperature to form yellow coloured products having absorption maxima at 414 nm and 404 nm respectively. The composition of the ion-pairs w...

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The aim of the study was to improve the disintegration functionality of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a direct compression excipient in tablet formulation by coprocessing MCCwith crospovidone (CPV), a superdisintegrant. Design of Experiment (DoE) approach was adopted to optimize the composition of the co-processed excipient (CPE). The optimized CPE containing MCC (99 %) and CPV (1 %) was prepared using wet massing technique. Solid-state properties of CPE were characte...

Abstract

The cellular immunity is often suppressed by infection, disease conditions and drug medication that are in continous association with mankind. Combretum micranthum is a plant known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and various other properties of immune boosting activity. The Plant extract was assessed for its ability to protect from tissue destruction. The aqueous ethanol leaf extract was screened for previously reported phytoconstituents; Lorke,s metho...

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Tea is a herb commonly consumed globally. Herbs are often taken concurrently with conventional medicines which results in increased potential of drug-herb interactions, and this may have important clinical significance based on an increasing number of reports of such interactions. This research work, determines the effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the pharmacokinetic profile of cephalexin in healthy human volunteers. Quality control studies were conducted on a sa...

Abstract

Nigeria has the second highest HIV/AIDS burden in the world with an estimated 3,391,546 people living with HIV and AIDS; an estimated 239,155 people acquired new infections in 2013; and about 174,253 people died from AIDS related illness (s) in 2014. HIV infection causes a chronic disease that progresses from stage one (seroconversion or asymptomatic) to stage four (advanced disease/AIDS) over a median period of 5 years. The course of the HIV infection is characterized by a...

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Agriculture in Nigeria is mainly dependent on rainfall which is variable in nature. Therefore, the need to have a full knowledge of its pattern and trend is pertinent in order to achieve food sufficiency. This study examined the effect of precipitation effectiveness indices: Onset date, cessation date, length of rainy season and occurrence of pentad dry spells (5, 10 and ≤15) days on the yield of millet, sorghum, rice and maize in Sokoto State, between 1993 and 2008. Wal...

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Pharmacokinetics is the study of the time course of drug movement in the body during absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination.Drug interactions are pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, or clinical responses to the administration of a drugcombination that differs from the known effects of the individual drugs administered alone. The clinicalconsequences of drug interactions may be antagonistic, additive, synergistic, or idiosyncratic, resulting in treatmentfailure,...

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Malaria is the 2nd leading cause of death from infectious diseases in Africa, after HIV/AIDS. It is a major public health problem in Nigeria where it accounts for most cases of hospital visits and deaths than any other country in the world. This study evaluated the effects of coadministration of promethazine and Artemether-Lumenfantrine in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei. The mice were grouped into six groups of 6 mice each. Group 2 – 6 were inoculated w...

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Ciprofloxacin is a flouroquinololone antibiotic that is commonly prescribed empirically in Nigeria due to its broad spectrum of activity. However, the drug product is illegally handled by drug hawkers that allow the drug to be exposed to some environmental forces which may affect the drug quality and its pharmacokinetic profiles. This study is aimed at assessing pharmacokinetic profiles of exposed samples of ciprofloxacin marketed by hawkers in the three senatorial areas of...

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The objective of the study was to develop an excipient consisting of cow bone powder and gelatin by the co-processing method and to evaluate its use in direct compression tablet formulation. Co-processing is based on the novel concept of two or more excipients interacting at the sub particle level, the objective of which is to provide a synergy of functionality improvement as well as masking the undesirable properties of individual excipients. Fresh cow femur and tibia bone...

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The consequences of drug related problems from Primary Healthcare facilities in Kano are so huge that there is need to address these issues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the types and frequency of drug therapy problems (DTPs), identify patient risk factors to DTPs as well as assess the impact of pharmacists‘ intervention on the observed DTPs. A prospective study was carried out in two primary health care centers using outpatient prescriptions to identify the...

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Tuberculosis is a chronic infection that still remains one of the major health problems in most developing countries. Poor treatment outcomes have serious consequences which include spread of the disease, morbidity and mortality. The world health organization (WHO) recommended minimum successful outcomes of 85%; this has not been achieved in most facilities rendering the services. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of Pharmacist Intervention on the treatment ou...

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Plants have provided a source for novel drug compounds, as plant derived medicines have made large contributions to human health and well-being. The aerial parts of Mitracarpus villosus were powdered, screened for phyto-compounds and the phytocompounds detected were isolated. This was followed by successive extraction of the plant (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) and fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract. Antifungal activities of the crude extracts, fractions...

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Starch is a major carbohydrate, easily extractable from various sources like cassava, maize, potato etc which find wide application in various food and Pharmaceutical industries. There has been a lot of attempt to modify this highly flexible polymer with the aim of extending and enhancing its applications. Native cassava starch (NCS) was extracted from the tubers of freshly harvested cassava. Enzyme- hydrolysed starch (EHS) was produced from Native cassava starch (NCS) usin...

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The present study aimed to improve the dissolution rate, solubility and ultimately, bioavailability of poorly soluble artemether, an antimalarial drug, through inclusion complex formation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The solid complexes of artemether and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were prepared at a molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 by kneading method. The effect of HP-β-CD on the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of artemether was...

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Postharvest deterioration has been a major problem associated with yam storage for both farmers and traders and it is caused mostly by micro-organisms especially fungi. The antifungal activity of some commonly used anti-dermatophytic agents (Fluconazole, Terbinafine Hcl, Ketoconazole, Sodium propionate and Griseofulvin) against phytopathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus stolonifer spores were investigated. The sens...

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The continous emergence and spread of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparumisolates to single and combined antimalarial drug has resulted to increase in mortality rate associated with the disease, especially in the African Continent as a whole and Nigeria in particular where the disease continues to be endemic. In vitroantimalarial susceptibility of Plasmodiumfalciparumisolates from patients attending a Health facility in Wusasa, Zaria, Nigeria was carried out using WH...

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Incidence of surgical site nosocomial infections and antibiotics susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria were investigated. A 2- year retrospective study was carried out followed by 6-months prospective study and then a follow – up study on surgical site nosocomial infection. The retrospective study was carried out by assessing patients’ medical files and microbiology laboratory reco...

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Indigofera pulchra (Willd) is an annual non climbing erect herb or shrub that can grow upto 1m tall. It belongs to the family PAPILIONACEAE. It is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of Nigeria, Niger, Togo, Benin, Ghana and Chad. It is also found in Senegal and over eastern and central Africa from Ethiopia to Angola. In ethnomedicine, it is used for the treatment of infected wound, itching skin, as prophylactic against snake bite, and for the tre...

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The larvicidal activity of various solvent (ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) extracts of Persea americana seed and Chromolaena odorata leaves against Aedes vittatus mosquito was analysed. The most potent solvent (n-hexane) extracts of both plants were fractionated using column chromatography and most effective fractions isolated and identified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared techniques. Phytochemical screening revealed the prese...

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Ficus glumosa is widely distributed in Northern part of Nigeria; it has been exploited for both its medicinal and economic importance. It is traditionally used for the treatment of number of ailments including gastrointestinal, respiratory, inflammatory, cardiovascular disorders, ulcerative diseases, and cancers. Specifically, the roots are used in treatment of female sterility where as stem bark, have shown to be useful in the management of inflammations and paralysis. Eva...

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Bauhinia rufescens Lam (Caesalpinioidae) is a scandent shrub or small tree measuring between 1-3m high but sometimes up to 8m high, often scraggy, stunted and multistemmed. The leaves are stomachic, anti-diarrheotic and anti-dysentric. This study is on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, antimicrobial and anti-diarrhoea (using castor oil induced dirrhoea method), studies of B. rufescens. The microscopic studies revealed the presence of anomocytic both at the upper and lower...

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This study evaluated some pharmacognostic standards and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves of Allophylus africanus Beauv (Sapindaceae). The plant has a wide distribution in West Africa, with Nigeria (Mambila Plateau, Calabar) inclusive. It has been used in communities for both its medicinal and economic importance. Traditionally, the boiled bark, root and leaves are used in aches, fever and rheumatic pains and economically, the wood is a good source of building materi...

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Ludwigia abyssinica Rich (Onagraceae) is a plant native to South America but now widely distributed in Africa. It has been exploited for its medicinal and economic importance. It is traditionally used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as cough, skin diseases, sores, diarrhoea, rheumatism, constipation, liver diseases and intestinal worm infestations. Aqueous decoction of the leaves is taken orally for its analgesic effect in the treatment of generalized pain in...

Abstract

Detarium microcarpum Guill & Perr. (Fabaceae) is used in parts or whole in Nigeria and several other West African countries for the treatment of various ailments; either as topical applications or oral administration. It is used alone or with other herbs and consumed to either alleviate pains or treat other form of diseases like malaria, pile, bacterial infection etc. The pharmacognostic studies were carried out on the stem bark of the plant. This comprises the marcrosc...

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Ficus kamerunensis is an epiphytic shrub or tree growing up to 20 m high. The plant used in ethnomedicine to treat microbial infections such as sexually transmitted infections. Pharmacognostic studies were conducted on the fresh and dried whole stem-bark of F. kamerunensis. The quantitative physical standards were carried out. Preliminary phytochemical screenings of the powdered stem bark of the plant were conducted using appropriate chemical reagents. The powdered stem bar...

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Eulophia species are cultivated worldwide; it is one of the largest orchid‘s genera in Africa. They are believed to cure many diseases. Eulophia guineensis Lindl (Orchidaceae) is a multipurpose plant, native to West Africa. Traditionally, it is exploited in the treatment of diseases like hypertension, obesity, inflammation, cold by various cultures without scientific evidence. Pharmacognostic studies; microsopical, chemomicroscopic and physicochemical studies were car...

Abstract

Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Mimosaceae) is the only known species of its genus found in Africa. Pharmacognostic standardization was carried out on the stem bark powder and its anatomical sections, to determine the micro-morphological characters, along with its quantitative and qualitative profiles. Identified microscopic features in the bark powder include radial bands of rectangular, tangentially elongated, thin-walled cork cells in rows; Secondary phloem...

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Leucas martinicensis is an annual herb which is used for repellant of mosquito. It has minty odor. It is an erect plant which is usually unbranched, with length of up to 1m, which is finely hairy. The plant are widely used in Northern part of Nigeria and it has been exploited for both its medicinal and economic properties with no scientific justification about its antiulcer activities. It is traditionally used for the management of a number of ailments including the treatme...

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Saba comorensis (Boj) Pichon (Apocynaceae) has been used traditionally in various parts of Tropical Africa region as an aphrodisiac, for rheumatism, arthritis, liver disease, jaundice, venereal disease, normal spleen function, as laxative, and purgative. This study is aimed at establishing the pharmacognostic features of the root bark as well as testing its biological activity. Macro-morphological features of Saba comorensis root include faint longitudinal striations with o...

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This study deals with the pharmacognostic and biological aspects of the leaves and stem bark of Hymenocardia acida Tul (Family Euphorbiaceae). Euphorbiceae is a large and heterogeneous family found mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics. H. acida is a savannah shrub or tree with twisted trunk usually less than 4.5 m high but sometimes attaining as much as 9m. it is commonly found in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Nigeria; widely spread in tropical Africa. In northern Nigeri...

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Albiza chevalieri Harms (Mimosoideae) is a tree or shrub of 5-12 m tall and distributed in the dry savannah from Senegal, Niger and Nigeria. The leaf is known for its antioxidant activity, anti-dysentric and to treat diabetes mellitus. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the plant leaf was assessed based on macroscopy, microscopy, chemomicroscopy and physico-chemical parameters. The DNA sequence of chloroplast of the ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene sequence prof...

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Maytenus senegalensis (Celastraceae) is commonly known as thorny staff tree or confettii tree, is of high traditional use among the „Hausa‟ community of Northern Nigeria. Hence the present investigation was to establish the pharmacognostic parameters for the leaves and stem bark of the plant, including macroscopic and microscopical, physicochemical constants as well as analgesic and anti-inflamatory studies. Macroscopic features of the leaves include alternate arrange...

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Uvaria chamae P.Beauv. belong to the Annonaceae family of flowering plants. It is distributed in the savannah and secondary forest. The plant is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria, inflammation, gonorrhea, dysentery; pile and fever. The ethyl alcohol leaves extract of the plant was subjected to phytochemical as well as antimalarial studies. Phytochemical studies were carried out using techniques including preliminary phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatog...

Abstract

Cussoniabarteria plant used in traditional medicine in the treatment of infectious diseases such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, diarrhoea anddysentery was subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial studies. The powdered leaves of Cussoniabarteriwere extracted with ethanol using maceration method and the resulting crude ethanol extract (EE) 140g was fractioned into hexane (HE)21.31g and ethyl acetate (EA) 8.51g extracts. The preliminary phytochemical screening was carried o...

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Commiphora mollis is traditionally used in the treatment of fever (malaria and typhoid) wound healing, cancer, ulcer and rheumatic condition. The plant grows in Nigeria and across Africa. Phytochemical analysis of methanol extract of the stem-bark of Commiphora mollis showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids. Extensive Phytochemical studies of ethylacetate water soluble fraction of methanol extract resulted in isolation (55 fractions, 1...

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Garcinia kola is an Angiosperm belonging to the family Guttiferae. It is known in commerce as bitter kola. The plant seeds have been used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases including diabetes, and its importance in folkloric medicine as a purgative, mastcatory, aphrodisiac etc. is eminent. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia leading to severe complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopa...

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Inflammation has been implicated in virtually all human and animal diseases. It has become the focus of global scientific research, more so, since the currently used anti-inflammatory agents both steroidal and non-steroidal are prone to evoking serious adverse reactions. Steganataeniaaraliacea(Apiaceae)stem bark has been reported to be used in traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma and rheumatism in East Africa. In this study, thehexane extract of the stem bark of...

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Leptadeniahastata (Pers.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae) is widely African plant species used in traditional medicine as an anti-venom, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, analgesic and also used for catarrh and skin disease. The powdered leaves of L. hastatawas extracted with methanol using maceration method and the resulting crude methanol extract (ME) was suspended in water and fractionated into hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), ethylacetate (EF) and n-Butanol (BF). Preliminary phytoch...

Abstract

Prevalence of nosocomial infections and antibiotics susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates in six private hospitals and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) in Ilorin town Kwara State, Nigeria were investigated. . A 1-year retrospective study of the private hospitals and 3-years retrospective analysis of the university of Ilorin teaching hospital were carried out. A 2-year prospective study surgical site nosocomial infection in the teaching hospital was also...

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Crinum zeylanicum is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for management of general debility, infantile seizures and pain. Some neuropharmacological effects of methanolic bulb extract of Crinum zeylanicum were studied in laboratory animals.The Phytochemical screening of the methanolic bulb extract and its solid residue fraction (SRF) were carried out using standard procedures. Quantitave determination of the elemental content of Crinum zeylanicum bulb and its methanolic...

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Citrus sinensis is the commonest, most widely cultivated and consumed citrus fruit. Large amounts of peel wastes are formed when citrus is consumed or processed; and suitable methods have to be adopted to utilize these waste materials for conversion into value-added products. Flavonoids, the major component of citrus peel have been reported to exert antioxidant and hepatoproective activity. This study was designed to investigate the in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective...

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Effective antibiotic management of diarrhoea caused by bacterial organisms faces challenge of antibiotic resistance which combines to pose serious problems. Local people often use some plants to treat diarrhoea. The efficacy of one of such plant is the subject of this investigation. Stool samples of diarrhoeal patients attending Mohammed Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria were collected and the bacterial isolates were identified using standard procedures. Stem...

Abstract

Nymphaea lotus is one of the foremost aquatic macrophytes that have been identified in Nigerian fresh water bodies. It finds applications in the management of circulatory system disorders, digestive system disorders, infectionsand inflammations. This study aims to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol rhizome extract of N. lotus Linn plant in laboratory animals. Shade-dried rhizome of N. lotus was extracted with 80% methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Prelimina...

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This study was undertaken to compare the effect of vitamin C on the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine using human volunteers. Quality control studies for both chloroquine and vitamin C; identification test, assay, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate were carried out according to BP 2009. Jayanathi et al., 1994 method was adopted and validated based on ICH guideline for this study. Calibration curve was constructed within the range of 2 &ndas...

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Provision of pharmaceutical care to patients suffering from schizophrenia posses special challenges due to complexity of the disease state, stigmatization and the side effects associated with antipsychotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of pharmacists in care optimization for schizophrenic patients. The perception of schizophrenic patients to the roles of pharmacists in care optimization was evaluated under 3 domains: managing therapy, interpersonal relat...

Abstract

Jatropha curcas is a toxic plant commonly used as food and remedy for several diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulphate, penicillamine, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acids (EDTA) and atropine against acute and sub-acute n-hexane leaf, methanol leaf and seed extracts of Jatropha curcas intoxication in 7-14 day old chicks. The oral and intraperitoneal median lethal doses (LD50) of the extracts w...

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Daniellia oliveri is one of the most extensively utilized medicinal plants; it is a tree all of whose parts are used in Nigeria and some West African countries for the treatment of various ailments example the root is used as chewing stick. In the bid to standardize this plant, pharmacognostic and biological (anti-Candida) studies were carried out on its root and root bark. The anatomical and powdered samples of the root and root bark of D. oliveri were investigated for the...

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Medicinal plants constitute a source of raw material for both traditional system of medicine and modern medicine. Herbal medicines (both crude and processed) have the potential for improving public health at low cost and comparison with modern medicines, the occurrence of undesirable side effects seems to be less frequent. In most countries herbal products are launched in to the market without proper scientific evaluation and any mandatory safety, toxicolog...

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Ascorbic acid is a vitamin commonly used in the treatment of common cold and scurvy. It interacts with some drugs during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, in the systemic circulation or during metabolism in the liver. However, interaction between ascorbic acid and chlorpheniramine has hitherto not been reported. Six healthy adult male volunteers took part in this research. The average age of the volunteers is 24.33 ± 0.71 years and average weight of 64.83 &...

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Rickets is still a debilitating disease in various communities of Jankasa, Kaso and Gonin Gora in which about 3-7 percent of the population is affected. Genomic Deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) of parents and offspring were evaluated towards determining rickets hereditary link in the population. Four families from Jankasa, Kaso and two families from Gonin Gora composed of father, mother, child without rickets and child with rickets each were used for the study. The DNA were ext...

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Asthma, which affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide, is an incurable health disorder of a major public health concern globally. The present orthodox therapy for asthma has several drawbacks including many undesirable side effects and high cost of management (especially challenging for low-income / developing countries). In a bid to develop a cheaper and better antiasthmatic agent with less side effects, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of aqueou...

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Cancers are abnormal cells growing uncontrollably at the same time to invade other body cells. Breast cancer is a malignant proliferation of the epithelia tissues / cells of the milk duct and lobules occurring in both men and women with high global deaths. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer patients who attended the Oncology and Radiotherapy clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH),...

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Sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used ethnomedicinally for different ailments, which includes blood stimulation and body defence. A number of clinical conditions like cancer, surgery, certain drugs, HIV/AIDS and various stressors affect different components of the immune system thereby allowing opportunistic pathogens to overwhelm the host leading to secondary infections and mortality in such individuals. This therefore shows a great need...

Abstract

Starch was extracted from the two varieties of millet (Pennisetum glaucum and Pennisetum americanum) by the wet extraction method, the percentage yield was determined. The physicochemical properties investigated includes: flow rate, angle of repose, carr’s index, tapped density, bulk density, moisture content, swelling capacity, particle size, solubility, iodine test, and hausner ratio. Granules were prepared by the wet granulation method of massing and screening usin...

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Parquetina nigrescens is a plant with numerous ethnomedicinal uses in African traditional medicine practice. In the South Western part of Nigeria, the stems and roots are roasted, powdered then mixed with pap taken as memory enhancer and for its antiaging effect. This study therefore, aimed to investigate the nootropic activity of the methanol stem extract of P. nigrescens. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the methanol extract and the median lethal dose (LD50) det...

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Hypertension is a major public health problem, which is growing in prevalence and poorly controlled worldwide. The prevalence is high in Nigeria and there is generally low level of awareness and practices of lifestyle and diet modification measures. The study was conducted from August 2016 to April 2017 to assess patient‘s knowledge, attitude and practices of lifestyle and diet at the University of Maiduguri teaching hospital (UMTH). Patients attending the cardiology...

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This study was conducted to evaluate the factors influencing the adoption of NERICA rice agronomic practices among farmers in three selected Local Government Areas of Kano State, Nigeria. The specific objective were to: Determine the rate of adoption of NERICA agronomic practices; determine factors influencing adoption of NERICA rice; determine the relationship between adoption of NERICA rice and yield, income and level of living of the farmers and identify the constraints...

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The crude plant gum from African Acacia sieberiana was purified and investigated for use as a matrix excipient for chloroquine phosphate and metronidazole tablet formulations. The chromatographic analysis of the acid hydrolysed gum revealed the presence of rhamnose, galactose, ribose, xylose and fructose. The viscosity was found to increase with increase in concentration of the gum. Ten percent mucilage had pH of 5 and pH change has no effect on the viscosity of the mucilag...

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder. It is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by hyperglycaemia due to impaired insulin secretion with or without insulin resistance.Most diabetic patients have inappropriateknowledge of the clinical disorder and thus unaware of the health implications of non-adherence. This study was aimed at assessing knowledge and attitude of diabetics to the management of their clinical disorder and also further examined...

ABSTRACT

E. coli has become widespread in distribution and recognised both as harmless commensal and a versatile pathogen. It has emerged as an important cause of diarrhoea illness with diverse phenotypes and pathogenicic mechanisms. E. coli and other members of the family enterobacteriaceae are well known to develop or acquire resistance to a variety of antibiotics by different mechanisms. Seventy (70) isolates of Escherichia coli from stool of diarrhoeic children below five (5) ye...

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Background: Assessment of the knowledge, attitudes and practice of resident doctors and medical officers in ABUTH Zaria, on antibiotics prescription in order to develop interventions to improve antimicrobial resistance. Methods: A total of 309 respondents was surveyed using a 30 stem questionnaire which was distributed to residents doctors and medical officers in ABUTH Zaria, Results: A total of 251 (81.3%) responded to the survey from 17 different departments which was gro...

ABSTRACT

Chromium has been known to be a micronutrient for mammals for more than four decades. But progress in elucidating the role of Chromium has proceeded slowly. However, recent studies have shown a potential role of Chromium in maintaining proper Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at the molecular level. This study quantitatively determined the level of chromium in meat products, fruits and drinks. Sample (Meat products, fruits and Drinks), were purchased from Zaria market and e...

ABSTRACT

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in mortality surge and life expectancy drop throughout the world. Developing countries are mostly affected due to their limited health care system and resources to handle the increasing costs of management of HIV/AIDS and associated opportunistic infections. The objective of this study is to estimate direct and indirect costs of managing HIV/AIDS to both the health sector and the patients, at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano (MMS...